<h1 data-number="1" id="introduction">
  <span class="header-section-number">1</span> Introduction
</h1>
<p>
  This is a concise guide to install Linux. It can be used as a standalone
  guide, although we recommend that you attend our Install Events during the
  LinuxDays so that experienced users can help you with your installation.
</p>
<p>
  The guide help you to create an install stick, prepare your existing operating
  system and finally install Linux. We also included some links to
  distribution-specific installation resources, for the most up-to-date
  instructions.
</p>
<p>At the end of the guide, we include some software recommendations.</p>
<h2 data-number="1.1" id="overview">
  <span class="header-section-number">1.1</span> Overview
</h2>
<p>Installing Linux is done in three steps:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Flash an USB Stick with the Linux installer</li>
  <li>Prepare your existing operating system</li>
  <li>Install Linux</li>
</ul>
<p>
  We will help you at each step. If you encounter problems or have suggestions
  how to improve this guide feel free to reach out!
</p>
<h2 data-number="1.2" id="linuxdays-install-event">
  <span class="header-section-number">1.2</span> LinuxDays Install Event
</h2>
<p>
  <em
    >You can skip this part if you do not physically attend the install
    events</em
  >
</p>
<p>Welcome to the LinuxDays Install Event! We are happy you could make it.</p>
<h3 data-number="1.2.1" id="staff">
  <span class="header-section-number">1.2.1</span> Staff
</h3>
<p>
  Our staff is easily recognizable by their blue T-Shirts. Feel free to ask them
  about Linux, TheAlternative, Free Software or anything else.
</p>
<p>
  We will help you if you are unable to proceed with the install guide or have
  any other questions. If we do not have an immediate answer, we know who to ask
  or where to look it up.
</p>
<p>Also, feel free to stay and just chat :)</p>
<h3 data-number="1.2.2" id="demolaptops">
  <span class="header-section-number">1.2.2</span> Demolaptops
</h3>
<p>
  We have prepared some laptops with different distribution and desktop
  environments. You can try them out, and decide what you like best.
</p>
<p>
  If you do not really care or can not decide, we will try to recommend
  something based on what you want to use Linux for.
</p>
<h3 data-number="1.2.3" id="usb-install-sticks-install-guide-copies">
  <span class="header-section-number">1.2.3</span> USB Install Sticks &amp;
  Install Guide Copies
</h3>
<p>
  We have prepared USB Install Sticks so you can get started right away with
  installing Linux.
</p>
<p>
  Further, we have printed copies of the Install Guide if you rather have a
  printed version than look at it on you phone.
</p>
<h3 data-number="1.2.4" id="anything-else">
  <span class="header-section-number">1.2.4</span> Anything else?
</h3>
<p>We have adapters (like USB to LAN), hubs, mouse and keyboards, …</p>
<h1 data-number="2" id="flash-stick">
  <span class="header-section-number">2</span> Flash Stick
</h1>
<p>You will prepare a stick from which you can install Linux from.</p>
<p>
  <em
    >If you are at one of our Install Events, we already prepared USB sticks.
    Choose a distribution (read on) then come to the welcome desk to get your
    stick.</em
  >
</p>
<h2 data-number="2.1" id="choosing-a-distribution">
  <span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Choosing a distribution
</h2>
<p>In the words of Richard Stallman:</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>
    What you’re referring to as Linux, is in fact, GNU/Linux, or as I’ve
    recently taken to calling it, GNU plus Linux. Linux is not an operating
    system unto itself, but rather another free component of a fully functioning
    GNU system &gt; made useful by the GNU corelibs, shell utilities and vital
    system components comprising a full OS as defined by POSIX."
  </p>
</blockquote>
<p>
  In simpler terms: Linux by itself is not a full operating system (rather than
  a vital technical part of it). You need to choose a distribution (a “wrapper”
  around Linux) which will define to a large extend how you as a user will
  interact with the operating system (like installing new programs, how the
  desktop looks by default, …).
</p>
<p>
  As choosing a distribution is heavily opiniated, we describe it here very
  short. Feel free to reach out to us for a personal recommendation based on
  your specific needs.
</p>
<p>
  If you “just want Linux”, we recommend you go with
  <a href="https://ubuntu.com/">Ubuntu</a>. As a more open but also very stable
  alternative we recommend <a href="https://getfedora.org/">Fedora</a>. Truly
  Free (as in Freedom!) is <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/">FreeBSD</a>.
</p>
<p>
  For each of these distributions we give you starting points for a successful
  installation. If you want to install other distributions feel free to do so;
  and we will do our best to help you. If you are an enthusiast and want to try
  to install something more advanced (like
  <a href="https://www.archlinux.org/">Arch Linux</a>) come join us :).
</p>
<h2 data-number="2.2" id="download-iso">
  <span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> Download ISO
</h2>
<p>
  You need to download an image containing the operating system installer. Visit
  the webpage of your favourite distribution and download it.
</p>
<p>
  If you have to choose from multiple versions, here some guidance of commonly
  used terms:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    <code>amd64</code>, <code>i386</code>, … refers to the architecture of your
    device. If you have a laptop / PC, it is very likely that you need
    <code>amd64</code> (else you’d probably know it).
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>LTS</code> stands for long term support; meaning this specific version
    of the distribution will receive security updates for much longer than other
    versions.
  </li>
</ul>
<h2 data-number="2.3" id="create-install-usb-stick">
  <span class="header-section-number">2.3</span> Create install USB Stick
</h2>
<p>
  Get a USB stick of at least 8 Gb (make sure you do not need the data on it
  anymore!). Flash (=“Put”) the .iso file you have just downloaded on the USB
  stick.
</p>
<p>
  On windows, you can use <a href="https://rufus.ie/">rufus</a>. On macOS, you
  can use <a href="https://www.balena.io/etcher/">etcher</a>.
</p>
<h1 data-number="3" id="prepare-windows-mac">
  <span class="header-section-number">3</span> Prepare Windows / Mac
</h1>
<p>
  If you want to keep your existing operating system (Windows or macOS) you need
  to prepare it. This will allow you to “double-boot”, hence choose at startup
  which operating system to run.
</p>
<p>
  If you do not want to keep your existing operating system, you can skip this
  section.
</p>
<h2 data-number="3.1" id="about-partitioning">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.1</span> About Partitioning
</h2>
<p>
  Disk partitioning is the separation of different regions on a hard drive or an
  SSD. This separation is used to install two different operating systems on a
  computer or simply to have different regions for different purposes (like a
  partition for your data and one for the programs).
</p>
<p>
  We recommend to have at least 40GB of space partitioned for Linux. If you know
  you need programs for your studies (e.g. Matlab, which is around 30GB), please
  have enough free disk space to install the desired programs and probably some
  extra, just in case.
</p>
<p>
  Be aware that repartitioning later is practically impossible, so try to be on
  the safe side. If you do not have space constraints, with 100Gb all you
  wildest wishes should be fulfillable.
</p>
<h2 data-number="3.2" id="windows-10">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.2</span> Windows 10
</h2>
<p>If you have Windows (and want to keep it) follow on.</p>
<h3 data-number="3.2.1" id="making-space-for-linux">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.2.1</span> Making Space for Linux
</h3>
<p>Shrink Windows partition:</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Open <code>create and format hard disk partitions</code> or
    <code>diskmgmt.msc</code>.
  </li>
  <li>Look for the large Windows partition at the bottom.</li>
  <li>Right-click on it and select <code>Shrink Volume...</code></li>
  <li>Shrink it so you have enough space available.</li>
</ul>
<p>
  If you are unable to shrink the partition, use a tool like
  <code>EaseUS Partition Master</code> or try it in the Linux installer. Ask a
  helper for assistance.
</p>
<p>
  If you do not have enough space, you can free up disk space with these tips:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Open <code>Disk Cleanup</code> and click on
    <code>Clean up system files</code>. Select all that apply.
  </li>
  <li>Open <code>Add or Remove Programs</code> and remove unneeded programs</li>
  <li>
    Download <code>WinDirStat</code> from https://windirstat.net/ and find where
    the large files are hiding
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="3.2.2" id="disable-bitlocker">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.2.2</span> Disable Bitlocker
</h3>
<p>
  Bitlocker encrypts your disk, but unfortunately it is not compatible with
  Linux boot loaders.
</p>
<p>Disable Bitlocker:</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Open <code>cmd</code> as administrator: Press Windows Key, type
    <code>cmd</code>, then right click on <code>Command Prompt</code> and select
    <code>Run as administrator</code>)
  </li>
  <li>
    Type <code>manage-bde -status</code> and look for
    <code>Conversion Status: Fully Decrypted</code>
  </li>
  <li>
    For any drive which is not <code>Fully Decrypted</code>, type
    <code>manage-bde -unlock C:</code> (replace <code>C:</code> with the drive
    you need to decrypt), and press Enter.
  </li>
  <li>
    Wait for decryption to end (execute <code>manage-bde -status</code> for
    status updates)
  </li>
</ul>
<p>
  You can also try to disable Bitlocker over the UI (look for
  <code>Manage Bitlocker</code>) but it has been confusing to do so in the last
  few years.
</p>
<h3 data-number="3.2.3" id="fast-boot">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.2.3</span> Fast Boot
</h3>
<p>
  <code>Fast boot</code> allows Windows to boot faster, but when it is active,
  the windows file system will be inaccessible to other OSes (like Linux).
</p>
<p>
  You can avoid the <code>Fast boot</code> mode by explicitly choosing to
  <code>Restart</code> (rather than <code>Shut down</code>) in windows.
</p>
<p>Alternatively, you can simply disable fast boot:</p>
<ul>
  <li>Find the battery icon in the task bar</li>
  <li>Right-click and select <code>Power Options</code></li>
  <li>Select <code>Choose what the power buttons do</code></li>
  <li>Select <code>Change settings that are currently unavailable</code></li>
  <li>Remove the check mark at <code>Turn on fast startup</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="3.2.4" id="booting-the-installer">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.2.4</span> Booting the installer
</h3>
<p>Make sure your Linux install stick is plugged into your PC.</p>
<p>
  Click <code>Restart</code> in the Windows start menu, while holding down the
  <code>Shift</code> key. A <code>Please wait</code>-text appears, after which
  Windows should enter the troubleshooting menu.
</p>
<p>
  From this menu you can choose a startup device, or enter the UEFI settings.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    To choose the startup device, select <code>Use a device</code>. As we want
    to boot from the Linux USB stick choose <code>USB FDD</code> or similar.
  </li>
  <li>
    To enter the UEFI settings, select <code>Troubleshoot</code>,
    <code>Advanced Options</code> and then <code>UEFI Firmware Settings</code>.
  </li>
</ul>
<p>
  If none of this works, you can try to change the startup device immediately
  after booting. This guide will explain how in the next chapter.
</p>
<h2 data-number="3.3" id="macos">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.3</span> macOS
</h2>
<p>
  <span style="color: red">
    <em
      >Note that on modern Apple computers it is generally not advisable to
      install Linux (MacBooks after 2016 simply are not very compatible with
      Linux.)</em
    >
  </span>
</p>
<p>
  Up-to-date information on the status of Linux support on MacBooks can be found
  <a href="https://github.com/Dunedan/mbp-2016-linux">here</a>.
</p>
<h3 data-number="3.3.1" id="shrink-your-os-x-partition">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.3.1</span> Shrink your OS X partition
</h3>
<p>
  On OS X, we will resize your existing partition to make space for your new
  Linux system.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Go to <code>/Applications/Utilities</code> and open the
    <code>Disk Utility</code>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Select your main disk in the list to the left (usually the first or the
    largest).
  </li>
  <li>Select the tab <code>Partition</code>.</li>
  <li>
    On the left side there is a white rectangle with some blue threshold
    indicating the space consumed by Mac OS X.
  </li>
  <li>
    Click and hold the lower right corner of that rectangle and draw the cursor
    upwards, to shrink the volume.
  </li>
  <li>
    The text on the right will give you information about the freed memory.
  </li>
  <li>
    Once you are satisfied, click <code>Apply</code> to confirm the shrinking
    operation.
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="3.3.2" id="install-refind">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.3.2</span> Install rEFInd
</h3>
<p>
  We will install the bootloader on OS X before the Linux installation.
  <em>rEFInd</em> will boot your USB Install Medium as well as your operating
  system later on.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Browse the web for
    <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/getting.html"
      >http://www.rodsbooks.com/refind/getting.html</a
    >
    and scroll down a bit to click the link <em>A binary zip file</em>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Once the download has completed, go to the <em>Download folder</em> and
    extract the file.
  </li>
  <li>
    Open a Mac terminal by going to <code>Application/Utilities</code> and
    opening <code>Terminal</code>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Type <code>cd</code> (with a space afterwards, but do
    <strong>not</strong> press <em>Enter</em> yet) and drag the extracted folder
    into the terminal.
  </li>
  <li>Now, hit <em>Enter</em> and then type <code>./refind-install</code>.</li>
  <li>
    When prompted for your password, enter it. (You won’t see what you enter at
    the password prompt at all. You have to enter your password blindly.)
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="3.3.3" id="troubleshoot">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.3.3</span> Troubleshoot
</h3>
<p>
  In case you get an error message saying <em>ALERT: SIP ENABLED</em>, you need
  to do the following:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Turn off your Mac and start it again, pressing
    <code>Cmd + R</code> immediately after turning it on again (you might want
    to hold it for a while).
  </li>
  <li>
    Your Mac should boot in <code>recovery mode</code>. Go to
    <code>Utilities</code> and open up a terminal.
  </li>
  <li>Now type: <code>csrutil disable</code>.</li>
  <li>
    Then reboot back into your normal system and try to install
    <em>rEFInd</em> again.
  </li>
  <li>
    After installation, feel free to go once more into recovery and type
    <code>csrutil enable</code>.
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="3.3.4" id="booting-the-installer-1">
  <span class="header-section-number">3.3.4</span> Booting the installer
</h3>
<p>We will now boot from your USB Install Medium.</p>
<ul>
  <li>Plug your USB Install Medium into your laptop.</li>
  <li>Reboot your machine and <em>rEFInd</em> should see the USB key.</li>
  <li>
    Your USB installer may have several ways to boot. They all will show up and
    have a little USB icon to the bottom right.
  </li>
  <li>
    Usually the first USB installer is correct. If it doesn’t work, reboot and
    try the others.
  </li>
  <li>
    If your USB installer doesn’t show up, hit <code>Escape</code> to refresh
    the list. It should show up now.
  </li>
  <li>
    If you see multiple USB keys, try each of them until you find the Linux
    installer.
  </li>
</ul>
<h1 data-number="4" id="install">
  <span class="header-section-number">4</span> Install
</h1>
<p>You are all set to install Linux on your device.</p>
<p>
  If you have not yet done so; ensure you have backed up all your data! In the
  (unlikely) case something goes terribly wrong, you can recover your data.
</p>
<h2 data-number="4.1" id="boot-from-stick">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> Boot from Stick
</h2>
<p>
  You now want to boot from the USB stick (if you have not already done so,
  depending on your existing operating system).
</p>
<p>
  This step can be tricky, as the way to accomplish this is different over
  different devices and brands. Generally you need to look for something like
  “BIOS” or “startup device”. You then need to choose the USB stick as the
  startup device.
</p>
<p>
  You can enter the BIOS or change the startup device usually with the function
  keys (such as F1, F8, F10, F12) or with other keys like ESC or Enter.
</p>
<p>The most common keys by brand: - Lenovo: Enter - HP: Esc</p>
<h2 data-number="4.2" id="partitioning">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> Partitioning
</h2>
<p>
  This can either be done automatically by the Linux distributions installer, or
  manually if you want more control over your setup. If you are unsure about
  what setup you want, it might be best to follow the automatic setup.
</p>
<figure>
  <img
    src="images/partitions.png"
    alt="Example partitions for a system with Linux only"
  />
  <figcaption aria-hidden="true">
    Example partitions for a system with Linux only
  </figcaption>
</figure>
<figure>
  <img
    src="images/partitions2.jpg"
    alt="Example partitions for a dual boot system"
  />
  <figcaption aria-hidden="true">
    Example partitions for a dual boot system
  </figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 data-number="4.2.1" id="automatic-setup">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.2.1</span> Automatic setup
</h3>
<p>
  The various installers usually offer an option to either install alongside an
  existing operating system (Windows/Mac), or to use the entire disk and erase
  previously installed systems. If you choose to install alongside something
  else, there is usually an option to choose how much space you want to allocate
  for the new system. Note that the partition for the old system will also have
  to shrink by this amount.
</p>
<h3 data-number="4.2.2" id="manual-setup">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.2.2</span> Manual setup
</h3>
<p>If you want a manual setup these are some partitions you might consider:</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    <code>/boot</code>: This is the boot partition for EFI. This already exists
    and will be reused when installing your new operating system.
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>/</code> (root). A root partition is required for all installations.
    This is where all the operating system files live.
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>/home</code>: Some users like to their home directory on a different
    partition. This can make re-installation of a distribution easier. However,
    this is entirely optional.
  </li>
  <li>
    <code>/swap</code>: A swap partition is used as an extension for your
    machines memory, if it ever fills up. Nowadays, a lot of people omit this on
    personal computers.
  </li>
</ul>
<p>
  You will also be able to choose a file system for <code>/</code> and
  <code>/home</code>. Almost always the <code>ext4</code> filesystem should be
  used. If you know what you are doing, you can of course also choose something
  else.
</p>
<h2 data-number="4.3" id="ubuntu">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> Ubuntu
</h2>
<p>
  We recommend to follow the
  <a href="https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/tutorial-install-ubuntu-desktop"
    >official install-guide</a
  >
  for installing Ubuntu.
</p>
<p>
  As further resources, we recommend the
  <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/">Ubuntu Wiki</a> and the
  <a href="https://askubuntu.com/">askubuntu StackExchange</a>.
</p>
<h2 data-number="4.4" id="fedora">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> Fedora
</h2>
<p>
  The top-level documentation for Fedora can be found on the official
  <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/docs/">Fedora docs website</a>.
</p>
<p>The following links are a good starting point:</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    The Fedora
    <a
      href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/f31/install-guide/Introduction/"
      >install guide</a
    >
  </li>
  <li>
    The
    <a href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/"
      >usage and customization guide</a
    >
  </li>
  <li>
    The guide for upgrading to a new
    <a
      href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/dnf-system-upgrade/"
      >release</a
    >
  </li>
</ul>
<h2 data-number="4.5" id="open-suse">
  <span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> Open SUSE
</h2>
<p>
  For getting started with OpenSuse we recommend going through
  <a href="https://www.opensuse-guide.org">Unofficial openSUSE Guide</a>, since
  it gives a good overview and can save you some time.
</p>
<p>
  Also check out the
  <a
    href="https://doc.opensuse.org/documentation/leap/startup/single-html/book.opensuse.startup/index.html"
    >Start-Up Guide</a
  >
  from their website and the
  <a href="https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Documentation">documentation</a> if
  you have further questions or want to work with the official material.
</p>
<h1 data-number="5" id="software">
  <span class="header-section-number">5</span> Software
</h1>
<p>
  These are software recommendations for Linux. Most of these are graphical
  programs, but there are some programs that run in the terminal only. Note that
  these programs have various licenses, some might not even be “libre” software
  (due to them becoming closed source at a later point, or this list having
  errors)!
</p>
<p>
  Some programs are annotated if they are best used on GNOME or KDE. This does
  not mean they cannot be used on the other environment, but the visual
  integration might be lacking in these cases.
</p>
<h2 data-number="5.1" id="office">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.1</span> Office
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Office suite</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">LibreOffice</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Office suite</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">OnlyOffice</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Looks much nicer than LibreOffice</td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">PDF viewer</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Zathura</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        All desktop environments include a PDF viewer. Zathura is another, more
        simple option.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Note taking, PDF annotation</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Xournal</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">LaTeX editor</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Texstudio, Texmaker, GNOME LaTeX</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Texstudio/Texmaker are “what you see is what you get”, GNOME LaTeX uses
        a “write, then compile” workflow.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Mindmapping</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">vym</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Design/Publishing</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Scribus</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Simple Text Editor</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Gedit/Geany (GNOME), Kwrite/Kate (KDE)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Advanced Text Editor</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">vim, emacs</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        These are a bit more difficult to learn, but are very popular with power
        users.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">File manager</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">PCManFM, ranger/nnn (Terminal)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        All desktop environments include a file manager, these are other more
        advanced options.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">CAD</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">FreeCAD</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.2" id="graphics">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.2</span> Graphics
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Image editing</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">GIMP, Pinta</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        GIMP is a more fully featured editor, similar to Photoshop. Pinta is
        inspired by Paint.NET.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Painting</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Krita</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">3D Animation</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Blender</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Photo management</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Darktable, Digikam</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Scanning</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Skanlite (KDE), SimpleScan (GNOME)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">OCR (Text Recognition)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">OCRGui, OCRmyPDF (Terminal)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.3" id="multimedia">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.3</span> Multimedia
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Video Player</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">mpv, VLC, Totem (GNOME)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Desktop environments have a default video player, but mpv/VLC are
        usually more powerful.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Audio editing</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Audacity</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">MP3 tagging</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Picard</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Digital Audio Workstation (DAW)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Ardour</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">YouTube downloader</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">youtube-dl (Terminal)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Requires regular updates, because YouTube changes their website rather
        often
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Screen recording</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">OBS, SimpleScreenRecorder</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        OBS is very powerful, SimpleScreenRecorder is more simple option.
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.4" id="scientific">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.4</span> Scientific
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Matlab</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Python+Numpy, Octave</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Octave tries to be similar to Matlab, while Python+Numpy is rather
        different.
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Statistics</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">R, PSPP</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">ArcGIS</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">QGIS, GRASS GIS</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.5" id="internet">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.5</span> Internet
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Web Browser</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Firefox, Chromium, qutebrowser</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        We recommend using Chromium instead of Google Chrome on Linux
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Mail</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Thunderbird, KMail (KDE), Evolution (GNOME), mutt (Terminal)
      </td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Instant Messaging</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Telegram, Pidgin, Empathy (GNOME)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Torrent client</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Transmission (GNOME), Ktorrent (KDE), Deluge, rtorrent (Terminal)
      </td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Voice chat</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Mumble, Empathy (GNOME)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">File synchronization</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Syncthing, Nextcloud, OwnCloud, Seafile</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.6" id="system">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.6</span> System
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Disk usage</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Baobab (GNOME), Filelight (KDE), ncdu (Terminal)
      </td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Virtualization</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">virt-manager, VirtualBox, GNOME Boxes</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Backup</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">borg backup, Déjà Dup</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">System monitor</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">htop (Terminal)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        The desktop environment have their own system monitor included.
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.7" id="development">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.7</span> Development
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">IDE</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        IntelliJ, Eclipse, Code::Blocks, Android Studio, Geany, Qt Creator,
        Gnome Builder
      </td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        Some of these might not be Free and Open Source!
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h2 data-number="5.8" id="other">
  <span class="header-section-number">5.8</span> Other
</h2>
<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
    <col style="width: 33%" />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr class="header">
      <th style="text-align: left">Use case</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Application</th>
      <th style="text-align: left">Comment</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr class="odd">
      <td style="text-align: left">Dropdown terminal</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Guake (GNOME), Yakuake (KDE)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="even">
      <td style="text-align: left">Clipboard manager</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">Glipper (GNOME), Clipman (XFCE)</td>
      <td style="text-align: left">
        The desktop environment each have their own clipboard manager.
      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<h1 data-number="6" id="troubleshooting">
  <span class="header-section-number">6</span> Troubleshooting
</h1>
<p>
  A chapter for some advanced troubleshooting. If you need something contained
  in this chapter, better ask some advanced user for help (or one of our helpers
  if you are at our Install Event).
</p>
<h2 data-number="6.1" id="microsoft-surface">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.1</span> Microsoft Surface
</h2>
<h3 data-number="6.1.1" id="something-doesnt-work">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.1.1</span> Something doesn’t work
</h3>
<p>
  Microsoft Surface devices usually require a patched kernel.
  <a href="https://github.com/linux-surface/linux-surface">See this project</a>
  to install such a kernel.
</p>
<h2 data-number="6.2" id="wireless">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.2</span> Wireless
</h2>
<h3 data-number="6.2.1" id="broadcom-on-ubuntu-doesnt-work">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.2.1</span> Broadcom on Ubuntu doesn’t
  work
</h3>
<p>
  <a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WifiDocs/Driver/bcm43xx"
    >See this.</a
  >
</p>
<h3 data-number="6.2.2" id="installing-broadcom-firmware">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.2.2</span> Installing Broadcom Firmware
</h3>
<p><em>openSUSE:</em></p>
<p>
  <code>sudo zypper install b43-fwcutter</code>
  <code>sudo /usr/sbin/install_bcm43xx_firmware</code>
</p>
<p><a href="https://www.opensuse-guide.org/wlan.php">See also this site.</a></p>
<p><em>Ubuntu:</em></p>
<p><code>sudo apt install firmware-b43-installer</code></p>
<p>
  <a href="http://linuxwireless.org/en/users/Drivers/b43/"
    >See also this site.</a
  >
</p>
<h2 data-number="6.3" id="opensuse">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.3</span> OpenSUSE
</h2>
<h3 data-number="6.3.1" id="installing-broadcom-wireless-drivers-broadcom-wl">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.3.1</span> Installing Broadcom Wireless
  Drivers (broadcom-wl)
</h3>
<ul>
  <li>
    Add the packman repo: YaST -&gt; Software repos -&gt; Add -&gt; Select
    community -&gt; repos -&gt; Next -&gt; Select packman -&gt; Finish
  </li>
  <li><code>zypper ref</code></li>
  <li><code>zypper install broadcom-wl</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 data-number="6.4" id="graphics-drivers">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.4</span> Graphics drivers
</h2>
<h2 data-number="6.5" id="system-hangs-at-boot-nvidia-present">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.5</span> System hangs at boot (NVIDIA
  present)
</h2>
<p>
  Boot with <code>nomodeset</code> kernel parameter, then either install
  proprietary NVIDIA drivers or disable the NVIDIA graphics entirely.
</p>
<h2 data-number="6.6" id="i-want-to-disable-the-nouveau-driver">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.6</span> I want to disable the Nouveau
  driver
</h2>
<p>
  <code>echo 'blacklist nouveau' | tee /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</code>
</p>
<h2 data-number="6.7" id="acer">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.7</span> Acer
</h2>
<p>
  Some types of newer Acer notebooks need special settings for Secure Boot in
  order to boot an installed GNU/Linux system at all. If you installed eg.
  Ubuntu but it directly boots Windows without giving you a GRUB selection
  screen, try the following guide:
  https://askubuntu.com/questions/771455/dual-boot-ubuntu-with-windows-on-acer-aspire/771749#771749
</p>
<h2 data-number="6.8" id="system-1">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8</span> System
</h2>
<h3 data-number="6.8.1" id="chroot-into-an-installed-system">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.1</span> chroot into an installed
  system
</h3>
<p>To chroot into an installed system from a live iso, do the following:</p>
<ul>
  <li><code>sudo su</code></li>
  <li>
    <code>mount /dev/sdaX /mnt</code>, where <code>sdaX</code> is your root
    partition
  </li>
  <li>
    If you have EFI: <code>mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/efi</code> (assuming
    <code>sda1</code> is your EFI partition)
  </li>
  <li><code>mount -t proc proc /mnt/proc/</code></li>
  <li><code>mount -t sysfs sys /mnt/sys/</code></li>
  <li><code>mount -o bind /dev /mnt/dev/</code></li>
  <li><code>chroot /mnt /bin/bash</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="6.8.2" id="cleaning-up-boot-entries">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.2</span> Cleaning up boot entries
</h3>
<ul>
  <li><code>efibootmgr</code> prints all boot entries.</li>
  <li><code>efibootmgr -o XXXX,YYYY,ZZZZ</code> sets the boot order.</li>
  <li>
    <code>efibootmgr -b &lt;number&gt; -B</code> deletes an EFI boot entry.
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="6.8.3" id="drives-are-not-found-in-the-installer">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.3</span> Drives are not found in the
  installer
</h3>
<p>
  Especially newer laptops (2018+) have options to switch between RAID and AHCI
  boot mode.
</p>
<p>
  If the laptop is running in RAID mode and Linux does not recognize its drives,
  it will have to be switched to AHCI. Unfortunately, this also means Windows
  needs to be reconfigured, otherwise it won’t boot anymore.
</p>
<ol type="1">
  <li>Click the Start Button and type <code>cmd</code></li>
  <li>Right-click the result and select <em>Run as administrator</em></li>
  <li>
    Type this command and press <em>ENTER:</em>
    <code>bcdedit /set {current} safeboot minimal</code> (ALT:
    <code>bcdedit /set safeboot minimal</code>)
  </li>
  <li>Restart the computer and enter BIOS Setup</li>
  <li>Change the SATA Operation mode to AHCI from either IDE or RAID</li>
  <li>
    Save changes and exit Setup and Windows will automatically boot to Safe
    Mode.
  </li>
  <li>
    Right-click the Windows Start Menu once more. Choose Command Prompt (Admin).
  </li>
  <li>
    Type this command and press ENTER:
    <code>bcdedit /deletevalue {current} safeboot</code> (ALT: bcdedit
    /deletevalue safeboot)
  </li>
  <li>
    Reboot once more and Windows will automatically start with AHCI drivers
    enabled.
  </li>
</ol>
<h3 data-number="6.8.4" id="bit-efi-is-used">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.4</span> 32-bit EFI is used
</h3>
<ul>
  <li>No provided install image will boot.</li>
  <li>Windows is installed in 32-bit mode.</li>
  <li>Some older Macbooks have this configuration.</li>
  <li>
    To install 64-bit Linux (we never encountered an actual 32-bit CPU with this
    problem!), manually replace the bootloader with a grub standalone.
    <a
      href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#Booting_64-bit_kernel_on_32-bit_UEFI"
      >See the Arch Wiki.</a
    >
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="6.8.5" id="i-need-to-turn-off-bitlocker">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.5</span> I need to turn off Bitlocker
</h3>
<p>
  <strong
    >Do not change any BIOS/UEFI settings before disabling BitLocker!</strong
  >
  You will have to provide the decryption key otherwise, which the user
  typically has no access to.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Launch a command prompt with administrator rights and use
    <code>manage-bde -off C:</code>, where <code>C:</code> is the drive you want
    to decrypt.
  </li>
  <li>
    Use the command <code>manage-bde -status</code> to query the decryption
    status.
  </li>
  <li>
    You will need to wait until decryption is complete, which can take a long
    time.
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="6.8.6" id="unlock-bitlocker-encrypted-devices">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.6</span> Unlock BitLocker Encrypted
  Devices
</h3>
<p>
  If you change any UEFI settings on a BitLocker encrypted device (typically
  Surface devices), you will be prompted for the BitLocker key on next boot.
</p>
<p>
  Since Surface devices come encrypted out of the box, the user does typically
  not have that key and Windows will refuse to boot. If this happens, resetting
  the UEFI settings to factory settings should fix the issue.
</p>
<p>
  Alternatively, you can just enter the correct Bitlocker key. This works only
  if the user has a Microsoft account linked to the device. You can get the
  BitLocker key as follows:
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    On another device, google for “BitLocker Recovery Key”. You should find
    several Microsoft Support or FAQ pages on how to recover the key.
  </li>
  <li>
    Search for a link saying “To get your recovery key, go to BitLocker Recovery
    Keys” or similar. Go there.
  </li>
  <li>
    Ask the user to sign in using their Microsoft account. The website will then
    display their recovery key, which can be used to unlock the device.
  </li>
</ul>
<h3 data-number="6.8.7" id="system-will-not-boot-under-any-circumstance">
  <span class="header-section-number">6.8.7</span> System will not boot under
  any circumstance
</h3>
<p>
  Some very bad firmwares just refuse to boot GRUB, however you configure it.
  This “bootloader hack” can be applied in these cases.
</p>
<ul>
  <li>
    Try to boot the actual distro that has been installed by “using a device” to
    boot. Do so by holding shift while clicking on “reboot” in Windows.
  </li>
  <li>
    If that doesn’t work, boot a live system and chroot into the installed
    system.
  </li>
  <li>
    Once booted or chrooted into the Linux system, become root (sudo su) and go
    to <code>/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot</code> and locate a file named
    <code>bootmgfw.efi</code>. Rename it to <code>bootmgfw-original.efi</code>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Go to <code>/boot/efi/EFI/grub2</code> (sometimes also just
    <code>grub</code>) and locate the file <code>grubx64.efi</code>. Copy it
    over to <code>/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/</code>. If a file called
    <code>shimx64.efi</code> exists, copy that one over as well.
  </li>
  <li>
    Find the file <code>grub.cfg</code> in <code>/boot/efi/EFI/grub2</code> and
    copy it over to <code>/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/</code>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Go back to <code>/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/</code>. If
    <code>shimx64.efi</code> exists, rename it to <code>bootmgfw.efi</code>. If
    it does not exist, rename <code>grubx64.efi</code> to
    <code>bootmgfw.efi</code>.
  </li>
  <li>
    Now go to <code>/boot/grub/</code>, or <code>/boot/opensuse/</code> (the
    exact folder path may vary). Find the file <code>grub.cfg</code> and open
    it. Find the <code>menuentry</code> block for Windows (usually called
    “Windows Bootloader (on /dev/sdx)” or similar). Copy the entire block.
  </li>
  <li>Uninstall the package <code>os-prober</code>.</li>
  <li>
    Now go to /etc/grub.d. If a file with <code>os-prober</code> in its name
    exists, delete it.
  </li>
  <li>
    Find the file <code>40-custom.cfg</code>. If it doesn’t exist, create it.
    Paste the menuentry block you copied earlier in this file.
  </li>
  <li>
    In the text you just pasted, look for <code>bootmgfw.efi</code> and change
    it to <code>bootmgfw-original.efi</code>.
  </li>
  <li>Save the file.</li>
  <li>
    Run <code>grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>. Make sure the file
    path matches the path where you originally found the
    <code>grub.cfg</code> you copied the menuentry from.
  </li>
  <li>
    Reboot and verify that grub now loads properly. Also test whether Windows
    boots!
  </li>
</ul>