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+\documentclass[aspectratio=169]{beamer}
+
+% Local Imports
+\usepackage{general}
+\usepackage{slideStyle}
+\usepackage{code}
+
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+
+% Global Imports
+\usepackage{adjustbox}
+
+% List commands
+\newcommand{\ipro}{\item[+]}
+\newcommand{\icon}{\item[-]}
+\newcommand{\ides}[1]{\item \textbf{#1}}
+\newcommand{\iexa}[1]{\item \textbf{Example:} #1}
+
+% For permission list
+\usepackage{array, threeparttable, booktabs}
+\newcommand{\dir}{\textcolor{orange}d}
+\newcommand{\syl}{\textcolor{red}l}
+\newcommand{\rd}{\textcolor{purple}r}
+\newcommand{\wri}{\textcolor{blue}w}
+\newcommand{\exc}{\textcolor{teal}x}
+
+% Insert page for each part
+\AtBeginPart {
+ \begin{frame}
+ \partpage
+ \end{frame}
+}
+
+\title{The Console Toolkit}
+\author{Jean-Claude Graf}
+\institute{TheAlternative, ETH Zürich}
+\date{11. October 2023}
+
+\begin{document}
+ \begin{frame}
+ \maketitle
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Introduction}
+
+ \begin{frame}{Goals of This Course}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Getting used to the console
+ \item Navigating the file system
+ \item Modifying files
+ \item Learn some basic commands
+ \item How to get help?
+ \item Learn to recognize patterns an apply them out in the wild
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}{What is the Console?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item ``Keyboard + Text'' interface to your computer
+ \item Related Terms
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Terminal (Emulator):} Synonym to console (today)
+ \ides{Shell:} SW running in terminal, processing I/O
+ \ides{Bash, ZSH:} Instances of shells
+ \ides{Command Line (Interface (CLI)), Command Prompt:} Text-only input
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}{Why the Console?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Most direct interface to your computer
+ \item Great for advanced/complex tasks
+ \item Can easily be automated
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item I.e. batch work
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Similar on all Unix systems
+ \item The way to interact with other systems
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Remote servers
+ \item Containers
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Last thing alive when you break your system
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Look, a Console!}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+`\StartConsole`
+ \end{shell}
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Displays different information
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Username, hostname, current working directory, git status, exit code, time, etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Can be customized
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \part{Basics}
+ \section{File System Basics}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{The 70s were interesting times, or so I'm told}
+ \textbf{Unix dogma: \emph{Everything is a file!}} \\
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Files
+ \item Directories (or ``folders'')
+ \item Storage devices
+ \item Keyboards
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Monitor
+ \item Battery
+ \item \emph{But not network sockets \ldots}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \bigskip
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{File:} Abstraction created by the OS
+ \item $\implies$ Unified interface
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{The Root}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \SU{pwd=/}
+ \vspace{-0.6cm}
+ \begin{shell}[fontsize=\scriptsize]
+ls `\StartConsole`
+bin -> usr/bin
+boot
+dev
+etc
+home
+lib -> usr/lib
+lib64 -> usr/lib
+mnt
+proc
+root
+sys
+tmp
+usr
+var
+ \end{shell}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item File system organized as tree
+ \item Everything under \texttt{/}, the root directory
+ \item In the console, you will be at some point in the tree,
+ the \emph{working directory}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Working Directory}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Where am I? \textrightarrow \: \texttt{pwd}
+ \item \textbf{P}resent \textbf{W}orking \textbf{D}irectory
+ \item Also sometimes directly shown in the prompt
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \SU{alice,pwd=/}
+ \begin{shell}
+pwd `\StartConsole`
+/
+ \end{shell}
+ \SU{bob,pwd=/home}
+ \begin{shell}
+pwd `\StartConsole`
+/home
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Listing Files}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item What is in here? \textrightarrow \: \texttt{ls}
+ \item \textbf{L}i\textbf{s}t
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+ls `\StartConsole`
+Desktop
+Documents
+Downloads
+Music
+Pictures
+Videos
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Changing Directory}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item I want to go somewhere else \textrightarrow \: \texttt{cd}
+ \item \textbf{C}hange \textbf{D}irectory
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+cd Documents `\SU{pwd=~/Documents}`
+`\StartConsole`
+
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Special Names and Files}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Special Names:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Root (/):} Link to root
+ \ides{Home ($\sim$):} Link to user's home directory
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item I.e. \texttt{/home/alice}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Special Files:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Parent (..):} Link to parent directory
+ \ides{Current (.):} Link to itself
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shell}
+cd / `\SU{pwd=/}`
+cd ~ `\SU{pwd=\~}`
+cd .. `\SU{pwd=/home}`
+cd .
+`\StartConsole`
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Paths}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.45\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Path:} Refers to files
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Consists of names, separated by \/
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Two types:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Absolut Path:} Start with \texttt{/}
+ \ides{Relative Path:} Relative to CWD
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item I.e. starts with \texttt{.}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.55\textwidth}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+cd /tmp/ `\SU{pwd=/tmp}`
+cd /home/bob/ `\SU{pwd=\~}`
+cd Documents/Eth `\SU{pwd=\~/Documents/Eth}`
+cd ../Finance `\SU{pwd=\~/Documents/Finance}`
+`\StartConsole`
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Command Basics}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Command Structure}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}[fontsize=\small]
+command -shorOption --longOption argument1 argument2
+ \end{shell}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Command:} Name of executable
+ \ides{Short Option/Flag:} Single letter option
+ \ides{Long Option:} More memorable name for option
+ \ides{Arguments:} Additional information passed to the command
+ \end{itemize}
+ Not everyone follows this standard...
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Advanced Listing}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{ls} Options:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{-a} (\texttt{---all}): show hidden files
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Hidden File:} File whose name start with a dot
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{-h} (\texttt{---human-readable}): print numbers in human readable format
+ \item \texttt{-l} (\texttt{---list}): show the long output format
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Combine short options: \texttt{ls -l -a -h} $\Rightarrow$ \texttt{ls -lah}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Advanced Listing}
+ \vspace{-0.3cm}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shell}[fontsize=\small]
+ls -lah `\StartConsole`
+total 52K
+drwx------ 8 alice alice 4.0K Sep 3 23:27 .
+drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Sep 3 23:26 ..
+-rw-r--r-- 1 alice alice 21 Jun 4 10:54 .bash_logout
+-rw-r--r-- 1 alice alice 57 Jun 4 10:54 .bash_profile
+-rw-r--r-- 1 alice alice 141 Jun 4 10:54 .bashrc
+-rw-r--r-- 1 alice alice 0 Sep 3 23:27 bla.jpg
+drwxr-xr-x 2 alice alice 4.0K Sep 3 23:27 Desktop
+drwxr-xr-x 2 alice alice 4.0K Sep 3 23:27 Documents
+drwxr-xr-x 2 alice alice 4.0K Sep 3 23:27 Downloads
+-rw-r--r-- 1 alice alice 24 Sep 3 23:28 .hidden_file
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Getting Help}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Where can I find out what options are available?
+ \item Two Ways:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \verb+--help+ option
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item E.g. \verb+ls --help+
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{Man}ual pages
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item E.g. \verb+man ls+
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item (Bonus) Shell Completion
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Man Pages}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
+ % \begin{adjustbox}{height=0.95\textheight}
+ \begin{shellcomp}[fontsize=\tiny]
+NAME
+ ls - list directory contents
+SYNOPSIS
+ ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
+DESCRIPTION
+ List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabeti-
+ cally if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
+
+ Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
+
+ -a, --all
+ do not ignore entries starting with .
+
+ -A, --almost-all
+ do not list implied . and ..
+
+ --author
+ with -l, print the author of each file
+
+ -b, --escape
+ print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.35\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item{Search by typing \keys{/}}
+ \item{Quit by typing \keys{q}}
+ \item{Sometimes there are multiple manuals! \textrightarrow \: Choose the right section}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item[1:] Shell Commands
+ \item[2:] System Calls
+ \item[3:] Library Calls
+ \item etc.
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{More on FS}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Copying Files}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{C}o\textbf{p}y: \texttt{cp}
+ \item Syntax: \texttt{cp source destination}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-1cm}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \SU{pwd=~/Downloads}
+ \begin{shell}
+ls `\StartConsole`
+dir1 dir2 file1 file2 `\SU{}`
+ls dir1 `\StartConsole`
+`\SU{}`
+cp file1 dir1
+ls `\StartConsole`
+dir1 dir2 file1 file2 `\SU{}`
+ls dir1 `\StartConsole`
+file1 `\StartConsole`
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Moving Files}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.3\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \textbf{M}o\textbf{v}e command: \texttt{mv}
+ \item Syntax: \texttt{mv source destination}
+ \item Use \texttt{mv} to rename files
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.7\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-1cm}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \SU{pwd=~/Downloads}
+ \begin{shell}
+ls `\StartConsole`
+dir1 dir2 file1 file2 `\SU{}`
+ls dir1 `\StartConsole`
+`\SU{}`
+mv file1 dir1 `\SU{}`
+mv file2 file_new `\SU{}`
+ls `\StartConsole`
+dir1 dir2 file_new `\SU{}`
+ls dir1 `\StartConsole`
+file1 `\SU{}`
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Creating and Deleting Directories}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{mkdir} creates a new directory
+ \item \texttt{rmdir} removes a directory
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Only works for empty directories
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.65\textwidth}
+ \SU{alice,pwd=~/Downloads}
+ \begin{shell}
+mkdir new_dir
+ls `\StartConsole`
+new_dir `\SU{}`
+rmdir new_dir
+ls `\StartConsole`
+`\StartConsole`
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Deleting Files}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{rm} removes files and directories
+ \item \texttt{-r} removes a directory and everything in it \emph{(recurisive)}
+ \item Is \textcolor{red}{irreversible!}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.65\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-1cm}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+ls `\StartConsole`
+cat1.jpg cat2.jpg `\SU{}`
+rm cat1.jpg
+ls `\StartConsole`
+cat2.jpg
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+ \begin{WarningBox}
+ \texttt{rm} is a shotgun without safety! There is no trashcan.
+ You can delete your entire file system with \texttt{sudo rm -rf /},
+ or your entire home directory with \texttt{rm -rf \textasciitilde}\:!%
+ \end{WarningBox}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Showing Text Files}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Output a file's contents to the console with \texttt{cat}
+ \item Used to stand for \emph{concatenate}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shell}
+cat diary.txt `\StartConsole`
+Dear diary, today I learned
+how to use the console!
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Reading Long Files}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item What if the text doesn't fit on the terminal?
+ \item Use the \texttt{less} file viewer
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item We have seen it be for for the man pages
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Scroll up and down with \keys{\arrowkeyup}, \keys{\arrowkeydown}
+ \item Search by typing \keys{/}
+ \item Quit by typing \keys{q}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Editing Files}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Need a \emph{text editor}!
+ \item \emph{nano, vim, emacs}
+ \item Simple, intuitive, no learning required? \textrightarrow\:\texttt{nano}
+ \item Powerful, efficient? \textrightarrow\:\texttt{vim}
+ \item Obscure, eccentric and even more powerful? \textrightarrow\:\texttt{emacs}
+ \item Has some advantages to using a big GUI tool
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Navigation and editing in the same interface
+ \item Quick and efficient
+ \item Very powerful tools available
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Nano}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Syntax: \texttt{nano [filename]}
+ \item Key bindings shown on the bottom
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{\textasciicircum} stands for the \keys{\ctrl} key (universal)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Save: \keys{\ctrl} + \keys{o}
+ \item Close: \keys{\ctrl} + \keys{x}
+ \item Navigate with arrow keys \keys{\arrowkeyleft}
+ \keys{\arrowkeydown} \keys{\arrowkeyup}
+ \keys{\arrowkeyright}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Users \& Permissions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Linux is a \emph{multi-user operating system}
+ \item There can be many user accounts
+ \item Different users can even use the computer at the same time!
+ \item You usually only use your personal user account
+ \item Users can be put into groups
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Allows easy assignment of permissions
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Users}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \textbf{Personal User}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item{Home directory in \texttt{/home/alice}}
+ \item{Can only access files in home directory}
+ \item{Can only stop processes started by itself}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \textbf{Root User}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item{Also \emph{called the superuser}}
+ \item{''System administrator``}
+ \item{Home directory in \texttt{/root}}
+ \item{Can do anything on the system}
+ \item{Access to all files}
+ \item{Can kill any process}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Permissions}
+ \SU{alice,pwd=~/SomeDir}
+ \begin{shell}
+ls -lah `\StartConsole`
+drwxr-xr-x 115 root root 12K Apr 3 13:24 etc
+drwxr-xr-x 4 alice alice 4.0K Nov 9 2019 home
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 7 03:41 lib -> usr/lib
+-rwxr-xr-- 1 alice alice 64 Nov 29 12:34 .fehbg
+-rw-r--r-- 1 alice alice 25M Jan 27 2020 script.sh
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Permissions}
+ \begin{table}[!htbp]
+ \centering\sffamily
+ \begin{threeparttable}
+ \begin{tabular}{*{4} {>{\centering\arraybackslash}p{1.2cm}}}
+ \toprule
+ type & users & group & others \\
+ \cmidrule(lr){1-1}\cmidrule(lr){2-2}\cmidrule(lr){3-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-4}
+ \dir \enspace\syl & \rd\enspace\wri\enspace\exc & \rd\enspace\wri\enspace\exc& \rd\enspace\wri\enspace\exc \\
+ \bottomrule
+ \end{tabular}
+ \smallskip
+ \begin{tablenotes}[flushleft, online]\small
+ \item[\dir:] Is a directory.
+ \item[\syl:] Is a symbolic link.
+ \item[\rd:] Can Read,\, Read files.
+ \item[\wri:] Can Write,\, Create files.
+ \item[\exc:] Can Execute,\, List files.
+ \end{tablenotes}
+ \end{threeparttable}
+ \end{table}
+ \end{frame}
+
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Changing permissions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Change permission: \verb$chmod {u,g,a}{+,-}{r,w,x} file$
+ \item Change user/group: \verb$chown OWNER:GROUP file$
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shell}
+chmod +x program.sh
+chmod u-x program.sh
+chmod g+rw file.txt
+chown alice:alice file.txt
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Octal Permissions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Change permission: \verb+chmod OCTALMODE file+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{4: read}
+ \item \texttt{2: write}
+ \item \texttt{1: execute}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Octal representation allows setting all permissions in one go
+ \item Desired permissions are added up
+ \iexa{} \texttt{7 = read + write + execute}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+chmod 776 program.sh
+chmod 774 program.sh
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Efficiency}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Tab Completion}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Hit \keys{\tab} to complete a word you are typing (Command, flag, file, \dots)
+ \item Hit \keys{\tab} twice to show all possible options
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Use \keys{\tab} to cycle through them
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Extremely useful terminal feature! Use always!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Command History}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Scroll up in your command history by pressing the \keys{\arrowkeyup} key
+ \item Press \keys{\ctrl} + \keys{r} to search the history
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Globbing}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Match zero or more characters: \texttt{*}
+ \item Match a single character: \texttt{?}
+ \item Define a range: \texttt{[start-end]}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Combine with \texttt{*} or \texttt{?}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Define several globbings: \texttt{\{glob1, glob2, ...\}}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \bigskip
+ Different Shells have different features
+ \column{0.65\textwidth}
+ \SU{alice,pwd=~/Eth}
+ \begin{shell}
+rm -rf ana*
+mv ex-1?.pdf exs/
+mv ex-[0-9]*.pdf exs/
+mv ../{IML, IS} sem6
+rm {*.doc,*.docx}
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Chaining Commands}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Run next command iff current succeeds: \texttt{\&\&}
+ \item Run next command in any case: \texttt{;}
+ \item Pass stdout to stdin: \texttt{|}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item More on that later
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+mkdir test && cd test
+docker-compose down ; docker-compose up -d
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Other}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Kill currently running process: \keys{CTRL} + \keys{C}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Also useful to discard typed command
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Different terminals/shells provide different features
+ \item Fast movement
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Got to: end of line, beginning of line
+ \item Move: one word back, one word forward
+ \end{itemize}
+ % \item \todo{Move task to bg etc.}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \part{Advanced}
+ \section{Piping and Redirection}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Complicated Needs}
+ How would you design an interface that can...
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \dots delete files larger than 100MB?
+ \item \dots show the last 2 lines of a file?
+ \item \dots sort files by length?
+ \item \dots search calendar entries and create reminders?
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Complicated Needs}
+ What about this?
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=0.7\textheight]{./Figures/horrorGui.png}
+ \end{center}
+ \footnotetext{\url{https://www.jensroesner.com/wgetgui/}}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Complicated Needs}
+ Many possible answers:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Big GUI that does everything
+ \item A simple tool that users can extend themselves
+ \item Domain specific language that users write queries with
+ \item Many simple and combinable tools
+ \end{itemize}
+ Unix chooses the last two approaches
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]
+ \frametitle{Piping and Redirection}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Unix has small and orthogonal tools
+ \item Piping and redirection are how to combine them
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \ides{Pipe:} Sends output from one command to another command
+ \ides{Redirection:} Read/Write to files (/streams)
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Piping}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.38\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Sends output from one command to another command
+ \item Uses the pipe symbol: \texttt{|}
+ \item Useful for sequential composition
+ \item Only works in "one direction"
+ \item Internally connects output of one process to input of other process
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.60\textwidth}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shellcomp}[fontsize=\small]
+cat numbers `\StartConsole`
+zero
+one
+two
+three
+four `\SU{}`
+cat numbers | tail -n 2 `\StartConsole`
+three
+four `\SU{}`
+cat numbers | grep "t" `\StartConsole`
+two
+three
+ \end{shellcomp}
+
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Piping Example}
+ List unique owners of files in current directory:
+ \vspace{0.5cm}
+
+ \begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item List files in directory
+ \item Omit first two lines
+ \item Truncate whitespace
+ \item Cut (delete) all columns except the third
+ \item Sort alphabetically
+ \item Only show unique entries
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \begin{minipage}{0.55\textwidth}
+ \SU{bob,pwd=/}
+ \begin{shellcomp}[fontsize=\small]
+ls -l |\ `\StartConsole`
+ tail -n +2 |\
+ sed 's/\s\s*/ /g' |\
+ cut -d ' ' -f 3 |\
+ sort | uniq
+
+bob
+root
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Redirection}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.45\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Read/write to files (/streams)
+ \item{\makebox[1.7cm]{\:\texttt{> file\hfill}}} Write output to file
+ \item{\makebox[1.7cm]{\:\texttt{>\hspace{0cm}> file\hfill}}} Append output to file
+ \item{\makebox[1.7cm]{\:\texttt{< file\hfill}}} Read input from file
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shellcomp}[fontsize=\small]
+echo "BlaBla" > hello.txt
+cat hello.txt `\StartConsole`
+BlaBla `\SU{}`
+echo "Hello " > hello.txt
+cat hello.txt `\StartConsole`
+Hello `\SU{}`
+echo "World!" >> hello.txt
+grep "Hey" < hello.txt `\StartConsole`
+Hello World!
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Redirection}
+ Redirection is useful!
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Store final or intermediate results
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shell}
+ls -l | tail -n +2 | sed 's/\s\s*/ /g' > result
+cut -d ' ' -f 3 < result | sort | uniq
+ \end{shell}
+ \item Append output to files
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+./my_script >> log.txt
+echo "Logging done!" >> log.txt
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Processes}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Process}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Every process has a unique ID (PID)
+ \item View processes with \texttt{ps aux}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Filter using \texttt{grep}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+ps aux | grep firefox `\StartConsole`
+bob 2681 0.1 2.6 3702244 428076 ? Sl 07:47 0:48 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Process Management}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Kill process by pid: \texttt{kill pid}
+ \item Kill process by name: \texttt{killall name}
+ \item Kill process with best matching name: \texttt{pkill name}
+ \item Use \texttt{-SIGKILL} flag if normal kill does not work
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{man 7 signal} for more information
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}[fontsize=\small]
+ps aux | grep firefox `\StartConsole`
+bob 2681 0.1 2.6 3702244 428076 ? Sl 07:47 0:48 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox `\SU{}`
+kill 2681
+pkill firef
+killall -SIGKILL firefox
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ % \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{HTOP}
+ % \begin{itemize}
+ % \item \todo{htop}
+ % \end{itemize}
+ % \end{frame}
+
+ \section{PATH}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{The PATH Variable}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Commands are programs
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Flag, options, etc. are arguments to this programs
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item How does the shell know where programs are?
+ \item The shell searches the \texttt{PATH} variable
+ \item \texttt{ls} \textrightarrow \: \texttt{/usr/bin/ls}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{shell}
+echo $PATH `\StartConsole
+/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+ \end{shell}%\todo{\$ breaks highlighting}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Adding Your Own Paths}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Let's say you want to add your script directory
+ \item Temporarily: \texttt{export PATH=\$PATH:\textasciitilde/scripts}
+ \item Permanently: Add the above to \texttt{\textasciitilde/.bashrc}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t, fragile]{Writing Shell Scripts}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.4\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Scripts are just a sequence of commands
+ \item Very easy automation!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.6\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-1cm}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shellcomp}[fontsize=\small]
+cat music.sh `\StartConsole`
+#!/usr/bin/bash
+filename="$2.%(ext)s"
+echo "$1"
+youtube-dl -x "$1" -o "$filename"
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{columns}
+ \SU{alice,pwd=~/scripts}
+ \begin{shellcomp}[fontsize=\small]
+chmod +x music.sh
+./music.sh "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ" music
+music.sh "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ" music
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Superuser}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Me vs Superuser}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ Me:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Home is \texttt{/home/bob}
+ \item Have full access to that folder
+ \item No access to others homes
+ \item Can change own settings
+ \item May not change system-wide settings
+ \item Start/Stop user services
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ Superuser:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Home is \texttt{/root}
+ \item Have full access all data
+ \item Can change everything
+ \item No access to others homes
+ \item May not change system-wide settings
+ \item Can install/remove software
+ \item Start/Stop all services
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Sudo}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Run command as \textbf{su}per user \textbf{do}es
+ \ides{Syntax:} \texttt{sudo command}
+ \item If you forget sudo, run: \texttt{sudo !!}
+ \item Change user to sudo: \texttt{sudo su}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Managing software}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{How you get software on Linux}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Don't download installers from the internet!
+ \item Software is managed by the distribution and available through a central repository.
+ \item Software is \emph{packaged}
+ \item Similarly to Microsoft's or Apple's app stores
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Installing Packages}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Depends on distribution!
+ \item Package Manager is most important feature of a Linux distribution
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-0.5cm}
+ Debian, Ubuntu, Mint:
+ \StartConsole
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+sudo apt install firefox
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ Arch, Manjaro:
+ \StartConsole
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+sudo pacman -S firefox
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ RedHat, Fedora:
+ \StartConsole
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+sudo dnf install firefox
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Searching for Packages}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-0.3cm}
+ Debian, Ubuntu, Mint:
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+apt search firefox
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ Arch, Manjaro:
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+pacman -Ss firefox
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ RedHat, Fedora:
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+dnf search firefox
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The basic package search is usually quite limited
+ \item Consult the internet for finding the right programs!
+ \item Arch Wiki\footnote{\url{https://wiki.archlinux.org}} has lists of many programs
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Updating Packages}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item All packages can be upgraded at once
+ \item Do this every other week!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-1cm}
+ Debian, Ubuntu, Mint:
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt upgrade
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ Arch, Manjaro:
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+sudo pacman -Syu
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ RedHat, Fedora:
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+sudo dnf update
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Building From Source}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Sometimes software is unavailable in the repositories
+ \item Can download sources and compile them manually
+ \item Careful! No automatic updates, malware, package manager
+ conflicts, \ldots
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{SSH}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{SSH}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \emph{Secure shell}
+ \item SSH allows to log in to another computer over the network
+ \item Server administration, running jobs on supercomputers,
+ log in to your computer at home
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Using SSH}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{ssh USERNAME@HOSTNAME}
+ \item Will ask for user password
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Cumbersome
+ \item Bad for security
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{bob}
+ \begin{shell}
+ssh bob@remotehost`\StartConsole`
+bob@remotehost's`\ `password:
+Last login: Wed Apr 6 08:54:53 2022 from localhost
+You have mail.
+`\SU{bobremote}`
+`\StartConsole`
+ \end{shell}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Login Without Password}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Generate an SSH key with \texttt{ssh-keygen}
+ \item Copy key \texttt{\textasciitilde/.ssh/id\_rsa.pub} to \texttt{\textasciitilde/.ssh/authorized\_keys} on the server
+ \item Use \texttt{ssh-copy-id -i \textasciitilde/.ssh/id\_rsa USERNAME@REMOTE}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Version control}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Git}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item{\texttt{thesis.pdf}}
+ \item{\texttt{thesis\_old.pdf}}
+ \item{\texttt{thesis\_copy.pdf}}
+ \item{\texttt{thesis\_finalversion.pdf}}
+ \item{\texttt{thesis\_finalversion2.pdf}}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[fragile]{Git}
+ \emph{Git is a version-control system for tracking changes in computer files
+ and coordinating work on those files among multiple people.} \\
+ \hspace{10cm}--- Wikipedia
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Git}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Track changes to your code
+ \item Comment your changes
+ \item Easily revert back to older versions
+ \item Avoid/manage conflicts when working in teams
+ \item Manage release versions and development versions
+ \item Work on different branches at the same time
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Git Example}
+ \begin{columns}[T]
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item{Initialize a git repository}
+ \item{Add files you want to include in a commit}
+ \item{Create a commit for your selected changes}
+ \item{Push changes to server}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \column{0.5\textwidth}
+ \StartConsole
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+git init
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+git add changed_file.txt
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+git commit
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+git push
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{columns}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Sharing a Repository}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can use services like \emph{Github} or \emph{Gitlab} to collaborate with others on your project
+ \item Or host your repositories yourself!
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item You can pull from/push to any server you can access via SSH
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+
+ \section{Backup}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Backup}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Backup only home or full root
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Convenience vs storage
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{rsync} is a fancy file-copy tool
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Open format
+ \item Incremental backup
+ \item Runs over SSH
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Use some backup script based on \texttt{rsync}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Or roll your own
+ \item E.g. \texttt{rsync-time-backup}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item \texttt{Borg} is also famous
+ \end{itemize}
+ \SU{alice}
+ \begin{shellcomp}
+rsync_tmbackup.sh ~/ alice@homeserver:~/Backup/ ~/rsync_exclude_list
+ \end{shellcomp}
+ \end{frame}
+
+% \section{Ranger}
+%
+% \begin{frame}[t, fragile]
+% \frametitle{Ranger}
+% \begin{columns}[T]
+% \column{0.5\textwidth}
+% \begin{itemize}
+% \item File manager on the console
+% \begin{itemize}
+% \item Usable over SSH
+% \end{itemize}
+% \item Can move files, change permissions, bulk rename...
+% \item Bookmarks
+% \item Keyshortcuts for frequent locations
+% \item Plugins
+% \item Preview functionality
+% \end{itemize}
+% \column{0.5\textwidth}
+% \includegraphics[width=1.0\columnwidth]{img/ranger1.png}
+% \end{columns}
+% \end{frame}
+%
+% \begin{frame}[t, fragile]
+% \frametitle{Ranger image preview}
+% \begin{center}
+% \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{img/ranger_img_preview.png}
+% \end{center}
+% \end{frame}
+%
+
+ \section{Epilogue}
+ \begin{frame}[t,fragile]{Some Commands}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \verb+zip -r out.zip file1 file2+
+ \item \verb+unzip out.zip -d dir+
+ \item \verb+tar -czf out.tar.gz file1 file2+
+ \item \verb+tar -zxvf lab.tar.gz -C dir+
+ \item \verb+grep -Rni "linux"+GpgpftArcit45
+ \item \verb+du -d 1 -h+
+ \item \verb_for f in *.md; do echo pandoc -o $(basename $f .md).pdf $f; done_
+ \item \verb+find -type l -iname "*.cr3" | wc -l+
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{frame}
+ % \begin{frame}[t,fragile]
+ % \vspace{2cm}
+ % % Feedback is very welcome: \url{https://feedback.thealternative.ch}
+ % \end{frame}
+ % for f in *; do echo "unzip -d ${f/\.zip/} $f" ; done
+
+\end{document}